<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2330675074491516287</id><updated>2011-04-22T09:05:40.496+07:00</updated><category term='viral marketing'/><title type='text'>Izzudin El Qassam</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2330675074491516287/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>MUAZ</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00104089335993127550</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='18' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xaFb7Ht5k60/SaD2l4UTZhI/AAAAAAAAABY/cdizsj1vU_4/S220/FotoBlog.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>3</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2330675074491516287.post-8557377224103357012</id><published>2009-02-21T10:22:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-21T12:34:32.580+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Sukhoi</title><content type='html'>&lt;div id="post-1685" class="post hentry category-catatan-pribadi category-tni-au tag-su-30mk2 tag-tni-au entry"&gt;                              &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/dua-sukhoi-dilock-missile/"&gt;Dua Sukhoi Dilock Missile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;                                  &lt;div class="snap_preview"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/hahhhahahhaha.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1688" title="Sukhoi 27SK dan 30Mk TNI AU" src="http://adiewicaksono.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/hahhhahahhaha.jpg?w=591&amp;amp;h=363" alt="Sukhoi 27SK dan 30Mk TNI AU" width="591" height="363" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Berita dihari jumat siang ini sangat mengagetkan berbagai pihak, sampai saat saya menulis artikel ini banyak teori-teori bermunculan berkenaan dengan berita dua pesawat Sukhoi 30mk2 kita dilock (&lt;em&gt;multiple lock&lt;/em&gt; kah?) oleh sesuatu yang tidak diketahui.. Mulai dari teori yang masuk akal, sampai dengan pernyataan yang merendahkan pilot kita dan teknologi yang dimiliki Su-30Mk2.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Saya akan bercerita sedikit tentang proses lock terhadap sebuah pesawat, ketika radar pesawat A mengidentifikasi pesawat B, ketika proses identifikasi ini terjadi maka “perang” &lt;em&gt;jamming&lt;/em&gt; akan terjadi, pesawat B akan memancarkan gelombang untuk “menutup” mata radar pesawat A dan radar pesawat A juga akan melakukan hal yang sama. Hal ini dilakukan pesawat A untuk mengidentifikasi pesawat B, sementara pada pesawat B akan muncul informasi yang menyatakan sumber radar apa yang mengidentikasinya (bisa dari pesawat, SAM dan kapal laut atau unknown apabila tidak dapat diketahui sumber radarnya) serta arah darimana radar itu berasal, cara membaca radar tersebut juga muncul di MFD pesawat A. Ketika pesawat A berinisiatif menghancurkan pesawat B maka pilot pesawat A akan meng &lt;em&gt;arm&lt;/em&gt; kan (mengaktifkan) missile yang dibawanya setelah itu radar akan mengunci dan di pesawat B akan muncul bunyi tit..tit..tit… yang artinya pesawat B sudah dikunci oleh rudal pesawat A. Kondisi pesawat B inilah yang dihadapi oleh 2 Su-30 Mk2 kita tadi pagi.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/dua-sukhoi-dilock-missile/#more-1685" class="more-link"&gt;Read more »&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;                                 &lt;p class="meta"&gt;                  &lt;span class="date"&gt;&lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/"&gt;February 20, 2009&lt;/a&gt; &lt;!-- at 5:29 pm --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;                                              &lt;span class="postedby"&gt;                   Posted by                                   &lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/author/adiewicaksono/" title="Posts by adiewicaksono"&gt;adiewicaksono&lt;/a&gt; |                    &lt;a href="http://en.wordpress.com/tag/catatan-pribadi/" title="View all posts in Catatan Pribadi" rel="category tag"&gt;Catatan Pribadi&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="http://en.wordpress.com/tag/tni-au/" title="View all posts in TNI AU" rel="category tag"&gt;TNI AU&lt;/a&gt; |       &lt;a href="http://en.wordpress.com/tag/su-30mk2/" rel="tag"&gt;Su-30mk2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wordpress.com/tag/tni-au/" rel="tag"&gt;TNI AU&lt;/a&gt; |                   &lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/dua-sukhoi-dilock-missile/#comments"&gt;2 Comments&lt;/a&gt;                           &lt;/span&gt;                                  &lt;/p&gt;                             &lt;/div&gt;                                                                                                 &lt;div id="post-1681" class="post hentry category-tni-au tag-su-30mk2 tag-tni-au entry"&gt;                              &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/tni-au-akan-cek-seluruh-radar-sukhoi/"&gt;TNI AU Akan Cek Seluruh Radar Sukhoi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;                                  &lt;div class="snap_preview"&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/su-30mk2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1682" title="su-30mk2" src="http://adiewicaksono.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/su-30mk2.jpg?w=560&amp;amp;h=372" alt="su-30mk2" width="560" height="372" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Jakarta- Panglima Komando Operasi TNI Angkatan Udara (Pangkoopsau) II Marsekal Muda Yushan Sayuti mengatakan, pihaknya akan mencek seluruh sistem radar peringatan (Radar Warning System) pesawat Sukhoi SU-30MK2.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ketika dikonfirmasi ANTARA News di Jakarta, Jumat, ia mengatakan, pihaknya akan mengecek segala kemungkinan menimpa pesawat Sukhoi yang sedang berlatih tersebut.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;“Apa pun kemungkinannya akan kita cek. Mulai dari sistem radar pesawat sampai kemungkinan ada pihak asing yang me-”lock” pesawat tersebut,” katanya, menambahkan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Yushan mengemukakan, kerusakan atau `trouble` pada sistem radar pesawat mungkin saja terjadi baik di pesawat tempur buatan barat maupun timur. Jadi, meski pesawat tersebut sudah diuji coba dan hasilnya negatif, tetap ada kemungkinan saat latihan sistem tidak berjalan baik sebagaimana mestinya.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/tni-au-akan-cek-seluruh-radar-sukhoi/#more-1681" class="more-link"&gt;Read more »&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;                                 &lt;p class="meta"&gt;                  &lt;span class="date"&gt;&lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/"&gt;February 20, 2009&lt;/a&gt; &lt;!-- at 3:20 pm --&gt;&lt;/span&gt;                                              &lt;span class="postedby"&gt;                   Posted by                                   &lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/author/adiewicaksono/" title="Posts by adiewicaksono"&gt;adiewicaksono&lt;/a&gt; |                    &lt;a href="http://en.wordpress.com/tag/tni-au/" title="View all posts in TNI AU" rel="category tag"&gt;TNI AU&lt;/a&gt; |       &lt;a href="http://en.wordpress.com/tag/su-30mk2/" rel="tag"&gt;Su-30mk2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wordpress.com/tag/tni-au/" rel="tag"&gt;TNI AU&lt;/a&gt; |                   &lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/tni-au-akan-cek-seluruh-radar-sukhoi/#comments"&gt;No Comments&lt;/a&gt;                           &lt;/span&gt;                                  &lt;/p&gt;                             &lt;/div&gt;                                                                                                                               &lt;h2&gt;&lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/dua-sukhoi-lanud-hasanuddin-dikunci-missile/"&gt;Dua Sukhoi Lanud Hasanuddin Dikunci Missile&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;                                  &lt;div class="snap_preview"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/su-30-mk21.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://adiewicaksono.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/su-30-mk21.jpg?w=300&amp;amp;h=217" alt="sukhoi TNI AU" title="sukhoi TNI AU" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-1679" width="300" height="217" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;MAKASSAR- Dua pesawat Sukhoi SU-30 milik TNI AU dikunci missile pihak tidak dikenal ketika berlatih intersepsi udara di wilayah udara pesisir selatan Sulawesi Selatan, Jumat (20/2). Alarm missile lock kedua pesawat berbunyi secara tiba-tiba, tetapi kedua pesawat canggih yang dibeli dari Rusia itu tidak bisa mengenali siapa pihak yang mengunci mereka dengan tembakan missile.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Komandan Lanud Sultan Hasanuddin, Marsekal Pertama Ida Bagus Putu Dunia, ketika dihubungi di Makassar pada Jumat, menjelaskan, di masing-masing pesawat yang sedang berlatih itu terdapat instruktur terbang dari Rusia yang sedang melatih dua penerbang tempur TNI AU. Kedua instruktur itulah yang menyatakan alarm berbunyi karena pesawat di-lock missile. “Saya menerima laporannya sekitar pukul 09.00 WITA,” kata Putu.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;a href="http://adiewicaksono.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/dua-sukhoi-lanud-hasanuddin-dikunci-missile/#more-1677" class="more-link"&gt;Read more »&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2330675074491516287-8557377224103357012?l=izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/feeds/8557377224103357012/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/2009/02/sukhoi.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2330675074491516287/posts/default/8557377224103357012'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2330675074491516287/posts/default/8557377224103357012'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/2009/02/sukhoi.html' title='Sukhoi'/><author><name>MUAZ</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00104089335993127550</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='18' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xaFb7Ht5k60/SaD2l4UTZhI/AAAAAAAAABY/cdizsj1vU_4/S220/FotoBlog.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2330675074491516287.post-3822077815668221651</id><published>2009-02-20T21:01:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-20T21:07:43.630+07:00</updated><title type='text'>Alat Untuk Tuna Netra</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Bagi tuna netra, huruf braile adalah perantara yang dapat membantu mereka untuk membaca dan mengaktualisasi diri. Tapi bagaimana jika tuna netra ini tidak mampu membaca huruf braile? Semisal ia sebelumnya dapat melihat dengan normal dan karena suatu hal ia menjadi buta. Tentunya penderita ini belum sempat belajar membaca huruf braile? Iya kan??&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://gambar.joodin.com/albums/shirogadget/braille_interpreter_2.jpg" alt="braile intepreter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Nah.. Untuk membantu penderita tuna netra dengan kondisi diatas, desainer &lt;a href="http://www.yankodesign.com/2009/02/17/for-the-blind-who-dont-know-braille/"&gt;Hyung Jin Lim&lt;/a&gt; merancang sebuah alat untuk “membaca” huruf braile dengan mudah. Cara menggunakannya cukup dengan memasang alat ini pada jari telunjuk penderita. Untuk membaca, tombol power harus dinyalakan terlebih dahulu. Baru setelah itu tinggal dilewatkan diatas hurf braile yang akan dibaca.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://gambar.joodin.com/cache/shirogadget/braille_interpreter_3.jpg_480.jpg" alt="membaca huruf braile" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alat ini terdiri dari dua bagian yakni yang dipasang di jaritelunjuk dan satu lagi yang dipasang sebagai &lt;a href="http://shirogadget.com/earphone-dapat-merusak-telinga/" class="kblinker" title="More about earphone »"&gt;earphone&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Saat bagian pembaca telah menscan huruf braile, informasi tersebut diteruskan kepada bagian pemancar yang berapa di lengan. bagian ini menterjemahkan hurf braile yang di scan dan merubahnya menjadi informasi suara.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://gambar.joodin.com/albums/shirogadget/braille_interpreter_4.jpg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suara yang dihasilkan bisa didengar melakui earphone yang terpasang di telinga setelah ditransmisikan melalui &lt;a href="http://shirogadget.com/tag/bluetooth/" class="kblinker" title="More about bluetooth »"&gt;bluetooth&lt;/a&gt; oleh pemancar di lengan tadi. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sekalipun alat ini baru sebatas desain, namun memberikan banyak harapah kepada para penderita tuna netra yang tidak bisa membaca huruf braile agar tetap bisa menikmati informasi. &lt;/p&gt;   Tags: &lt;a href="http://shirogadget.com/tag/gadget/" title="gadget" rel="tag"&gt;gadget&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://shirogadget.com/tag/shirogadget/" title="shirogadget" rel="tag"&gt;shirogadget&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;h4&gt;Posting Terkait&lt;/h4&gt;  &lt;ul class="st-related-posts"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://shirogadget.com/yuk-pahami-cara-penamaan-hp-sony-ericsson/" title="Yuk,, Pahami Cara Penamaan HP Sony Ericsson (7 October 2008)"&gt;Yuk,, Pahami Cara Penamaan HP Sony Ericsson&lt;/a&gt; (11)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://shirogadget.com/yoda-as-the-grinch/" title="Yoda as The Grinch! (21 December 2008)"&gt;Yoda as The Grinch!&lt;/a&gt; (0)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://shirogadget.com/world%e2%80%99s-first-3d-webcam-call-it-novo-minoru/" title="Worldâ€™s first 3D webcam, Call it Novo Minoru (1 January 2009)"&gt;Worldâ€™s first 3D webcam, Call it Novo Minoru&lt;/a&gt; (1)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://shirogadget.com/windows-seven-windows-7-beta-1-build-7000-muncul-di-bittorrent/" title="Windows Seven (windows 7) Beta 1 Build 7000 Muncul di BitTorrent (29 December 2008)"&gt;Windows Seven (windows 7) Beta 1 Build 7000 Muncul di BitTorrent&lt;/a&gt; (4)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://shirogadget.com/wilayah-hukum-indonesia-di-internet/" title="Wilayah Hukum Indonesia di Internet (29 March 2008)"&gt;Wilayah Hukum Indonesia di Internet&lt;/a&gt; (7)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;       &lt;!--if you paginate pages--&gt;           &lt;!--end of post and end of loop--&gt;             &lt;!--all options if pingbacks on or not, if comments are open or not and so on--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2330675074491516287-3822077815668221651?l=izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/feeds/3822077815668221651/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/2009/02/alat-untuk-tuna-netra.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2330675074491516287/posts/default/3822077815668221651'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2330675074491516287/posts/default/3822077815668221651'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/2009/02/alat-untuk-tuna-netra.html' title='Alat Untuk Tuna Netra'/><author><name>MUAZ</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00104089335993127550</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='18' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xaFb7Ht5k60/SaD2l4UTZhI/AAAAAAAAABY/cdizsj1vU_4/S220/FotoBlog.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2330675074491516287.post-5387672324576858754</id><published>2009-02-20T13:38:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-20T14:38:51.725+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='viral marketing'/><title type='text'>viral marketing</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"&gt;Viral marketing&lt;/h1&gt;Contoh bisa klik &lt;a href="http://www.dynasis.biz/mufti#searchInput"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dynasis.biz/mufti"&gt;disini&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;pre lang="php"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dynasis.biz/mufti#searchInput"&gt;  &lt;/a&gt;&lt;h3 id="siteSub"&gt;&lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Viral marketing&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;viral advertising&lt;/b&gt; refer to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing"&gt;marketing&lt;/a&gt; techniques that use pre-existing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network"&gt;social networks&lt;/a&gt; to produce increases in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand" title="Brand"&gt;brand&lt;/a&gt; awareness or to achieve other marketing objectives (such as product sales) through self-replicating &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon"&gt;viral&lt;/a&gt; processes, analogous to the spread of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" title="Virus"&gt;pathological&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_viruses" title="Computer viruses" class="mw-redirect"&gt;computer viruses&lt;/a&gt;. It can be &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_mouth" title="Word of mouth"&gt;word-of-mouth&lt;/a&gt; delivered or enhanced by the network effects of the Internet.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-0" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Viral promotions may take the form of video clips, interactive &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromedia_Flash" title="Macromedia Flash" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Flash&lt;/a&gt; games, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame" class="mw-redirect"&gt;advergames&lt;/a&gt;, ebooks, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandable_software" title="Brandable software"&gt;brandable software&lt;/a&gt;, images, or even &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_message_marketing" title="Text message marketing"&gt;text messages&lt;/a&gt;. The basic form of viral marketing is not infinitely sustainable.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The goal of marketers interested in creating successful viral marketing programs is to identify individuals with high &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Networking_Potential" title="Social Networking Potential" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Social Networking Potential&lt;/a&gt; (SNP) and create &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_Messages" title="Viral Messages" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Viral Messages&lt;/a&gt; that appeal to this segment of the population and have a high probability of being passed along.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The term "viral marketing" is also sometimes used &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative"&gt;pejoratively&lt;/a&gt; to refer to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_marketing" title="Stealth marketing" class="mw-redirect"&gt;stealth marketing&lt;/a&gt; campaigns&lt;sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-1" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;—the use of varied kinds of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing"&gt;astroturfing&lt;/a&gt; both online and offline to create the impression of spontaneous &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_mouth" title="Word of mouth"&gt;word of mouth&lt;/a&gt; enthusiasm.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;See &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon"&gt;Viral phenomenon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[  if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }  //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="History" id="History"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style=""&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-image"&gt; &lt;div style="width: 52px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unbalanced_scales.svg" class="image" title="Unbalanced scales.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/40px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" width="40" border="0" height="35" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td class="mbox-text" style=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"&gt;neutrality&lt;/a&gt; of this section is &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute"&gt;disputed&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please see the discussion on the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Viral_marketing#The_article_assumes_the_theory_of_influencers" title="Talk:Viral marketing"&gt;talk page&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;(September 2008)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Please do not remove this message until the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVD#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3F" title="Wikipedia:NPOVD" class="mw-redirect"&gt;dispute is resolved.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p&gt;The term &lt;i&gt;Viral Marketing&lt;/i&gt; was coined by a Harvard Business School professor, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Rayport" title="Jeffrey Rayport"&gt;Jeffrey Rayport&lt;/a&gt;, in December 1996 article for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_%28magazine%29" title="Fast Company (magazine)"&gt;Fast Company&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;The Virus of Marketing.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-2" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The term was further popularized by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Draper" title="Tim Draper" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Tim Draper&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jurvetson" title="Steve Jurvetson"&gt;Steve Jurvetson&lt;/a&gt; of the venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson in 1997 to describe &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmail" title="Hotmail"&gt;Hotmail&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail"&gt;e-mail&lt;/a&gt; practice of appending &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising"&gt;advertising&lt;/a&gt; for itself in outgoing mail from their users.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-3" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Among the first to write about viral marketing on the Internet was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_critic" title="Media critic" class="mw-redirect"&gt;media critic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff"&gt;Douglas Rushkoff&lt;/a&gt; in his 1994 book &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Media_Virus&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Media Virus (page does not exist)"&gt;Media Virus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. The assumption is that if such an advertisement reaches a "susceptible" user, that user will become "infected" (i.e., sign up for an account) and can then go on to infect other susceptible users. As long as each infected user sends mail to more than one susceptible user on average (i.e., the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproductive_rate" title="Basic reproductive rate" class="mw-redirect"&gt;basic reproductive rate&lt;/a&gt; is greater than one), standard in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology"&gt;epidemiology&lt;/a&gt; imply that the number of infected users will grow according to a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_curve" title="Logistic curve" class="mw-redirect"&gt;logistic curve&lt;/a&gt;, whose initial segment appears exponential.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Among the first to write about algorithms designed to identify people with high Social Networking Potential is Bob Gerstley in &lt;i&gt;Advertising Research is Changing&lt;/i&gt;. Gerstley uses SNP algorithms in quantitative marketing research to help marketers maximize the effectiveness of viral marketing campaigns. In 2004 the concept of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_marketing_intelligence#Alpha_Users" title="Social marketing intelligence"&gt;Alpha User&lt;/a&gt; was released to indicate that it had become now possible to technically isolate the focal point members of any viral campaign, the "hubs" who are most influential. Alpha Users can today be isolated and identified, and even targeted for viral advertising purposes most accurately in mobile phone networks, as mobile phones are so personal.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In response to its use, many sites have started up trying to describe what viral marketing is.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Notable_examples" id="Notable_examples"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Notable examples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme"&gt;Ponzi scheme&lt;/a&gt; and related investment &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_scheme" title="Pyramid scheme"&gt;Pyramid schemes&lt;/a&gt;, are an early and unfortunate example of viral marketing. In each round, investors are paid interest from the principal deposits of later investors. Early investors are so enthusiastic that they recruit their friends resulting in exponential growth until the pool of available investors is tapped out and the scheme collapses.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level_marketing" title="Multi-level marketing"&gt;Multi-level marketing&lt;/a&gt; popularized in the 1960s and 70's (not to be confused with Ponzi schemes) is essentially a form of viral marketing in which representatives gain income through marketing products through their circle of influence and give their friends a chance to market products similarly. When successful, the strategy creates an exponentially growing network of representatives and greatly enriches adopters. Examples include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway" title="Amway"&gt;Amway&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kay_Ash" title="Mary Kay Ash"&gt;Mary Kay Cosmetics&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWeek" title="BusinessWeek"&gt;BusinessWeek&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (2001) described web-based campaigns for &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotmail" title="Hotmail"&gt;Hotmail&lt;/a&gt; (1996) and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blair_Witch_Project" title="The Blair Witch Project"&gt;The Blair Witch Project&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (1999) as striking examples of viral marketing, but warned of some dangers for imitation marketers. &lt;sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-4" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King" title="Burger King"&gt;Burger King&lt;/a&gt;'s &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Subservient_Chicken" title="The Subservient Chicken"&gt;The Subservient Chicken&lt;/a&gt; campaign was cited in &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_%28magazine%29" title="Wired (magazine)"&gt;Wired&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; as a striking example of viral or word-of-mouth marketing. &lt;sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-5" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;In 2000, Slate described TiVo's unpublicized gambit of giving free TiVo's to web-savvy enthusiasts to create "viral" word of mouth, pointing out that a viral campaign differs from a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity_stunt" title="Publicity stunt"&gt;publicity stunt&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-6" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;7&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Launched in 2002, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Films" title="BMW Films" class="mw-redirect"&gt;BMW Films&lt;/a&gt; was among the earliest viral marketing campaigns. It attracted nearly 55 million viewers and helped to elevate the career of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Owen" title="Clive Owen"&gt;Clive Owen&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cadbury's Dairy Milk 2007 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_%28Cadbury%29" title="Gorilla (Cadbury)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Gorilla advertising campaign&lt;/a&gt; was heavily popularised on YouTube and Facebook.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Word_Project" title="The Big Word Project"&gt;The Big Word Project&lt;/a&gt;, launched in 2008, aims to redefine the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary"&gt;Oxford English Dictionary&lt;/a&gt; by allowing people to submit their website as the definition of their chosen word. The viral marketing project, created to fund two Masters students' educations, attracted the attention of bloggers worldwide, being featured on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daring_Fireball" title="Daring Fireball"&gt;Daring Fireball&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_%28magazine%29" title="Wired (magazine)"&gt;Wired Magazine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-7" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The 2008 film &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverfield" title="Cloverfield"&gt;Cloverfield&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; was first publicized with a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaser_trailer" title="Teaser trailer"&gt;teaser trailer&lt;/a&gt; that did not advertise the film's title, only its release date: "01·18·08." Elements of the viral marketing campaign included &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace"&gt;MySpace&lt;/a&gt; pages created for fictional characters and websites created for fictional companies alluded to in the film.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The release of the 2007 concept album &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Zero_%28album%29" title="Year Zero (album)"&gt;Year Zero&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails"&gt;Nine Inch Nails&lt;/a&gt; involved a viral marketing campaign, including the band leaving USB drives at concerts during NIN's 2007 European Tour. This was followed up with a series of interlinked websites revealing clues and information about the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia"&gt;dystopian&lt;/a&gt; future in which the album is set.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;In 2007, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment" title="World Wrestling Entertainment"&gt;World Wrestling Entertainment&lt;/a&gt; promoted the return of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho" title="Chris Jericho"&gt;Chris Jericho&lt;/a&gt; with a viral marketing campaign using 15-second &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptic_crossword" title="Cryptic crossword"&gt;cryptic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code" title="Binary code"&gt;binary code&lt;/a&gt; videos. The videos contained hidden messages and biblical links related to Jericho, although speculation existed throughout WWE fans over who the campaign targeted.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-save_us_8-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-save_us-8" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-9" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;10&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The text "Save Us" and "2nd Coming" were most prominent in the videos. The campaign spread throughout the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet"&gt;internet&lt;/a&gt; with numerous &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websites" title="Websites" class="mw-redirect"&gt;websites&lt;/a&gt;, though no longer operational, featuring hidden messages and biblical links to further hint at Jericho's return.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-10" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;11&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-11" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;12&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;In 2007 The New York Times' advertising columnist Stuart Elliott wrote about a business-to-business viral campaign for a software company, showing that viral advertising has application in areas outside of consumer marketing.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-12" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;13&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;In 2007, Portuguese football club &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal" title="Sporting Clube de Portugal"&gt;Sporting Portugal&lt;/a&gt; integrated a viral feature in their campaign for season seats. In their website, a video &lt;sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-13" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; required the user to input his name and phone number before playback started, which then featured the coach &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Bento" title="Paulo Bento"&gt;Paulo Bento&lt;/a&gt; and the players waiting at the locker room while he makes a phone call to the user telling him that they just can't start the season until the user buys his season ticket. Flawless video and phone call synchronization and the fact that it was a totally new experience for the user led to nearly 200,000 pageviews phone calls in less than 24 hours.&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since December 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avirginsplea.com" title="Avirginsplea.com"&gt;Avirginsplea.com&lt;/a&gt; claimed that a 25-year old virgin living in Toronto named Geoff needed five million hits on his website in 30 days in order for Jenn, one of his very hot platonic female friends, to help him lose his virginity.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Early in its existence (perhaps between 1988 and 1992), the television show &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000" title="Mystery Science Theater 3000"&gt;Mystery Science Theater 3000&lt;/a&gt; had limited distribution. The producers encouraged viewers to makes copies of the show on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_tape" title="Video tape" class="mw-redirect"&gt;video tape&lt;/a&gt; and give them to friends in order to expand viewership and increase demand for the fledgling &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central"&gt;Comedy Central&lt;/a&gt; network. During this period the closing credits included the words "Keep circulating the tapes!"&lt;sup class="noprint Template-Fact"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since December 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The marketing campaign for the 2008 film &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_%28film%29" title="The Dark Knight (film)"&gt;The Dark Knight&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; combined both online and real-life elements to make it resemble an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_reality_game" title="Alternate reality game"&gt;alternate reality game&lt;/a&gt;. Techniques included mass gatherings of Joker fans, scavenger hunts around world, detailed and intricate websites that let fans actually participate in "voting" for political offices in Gotham City, and even a Gotham News Network that has links to other Gotham pages such as Gotham Rail, a Gotham travel agency, and political candidate's pages. The movie also markets heavily off of word of mouth from the thousands of Batman fans.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Both the second and third games in the &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28series%29" title="Halo (series)"&gt;Halo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; series were preceded with viral marketing in the form of an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_reality_game" title="Alternate reality game"&gt;alternate reality game&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;"&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_it_blend" title="Will it blend" class="mw-redirect"&gt;will it blend&lt;/a&gt; - the founder of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blendtec" title="Blendtec" class="mw-redirect"&gt;blendtec&lt;/a&gt;, Tom Dickson, blends various items in a blendtec blender&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Viral_expansion_loop" id="Viral_expansion_loop"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Viral expansion loop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;A viral expansion loop is similar to viral marketing with one notable difference: viral marketing can't be replicated indefinitely, while a viral expansion loop must be in order for it to exist.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-fc001_14-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_note-fc001-14" title=""&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;15&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; When properly conceived and implemented, a viral loop almost guarantees self-replicating growth. Companies that have attempted to utilize viral loops to their advantage include social networking engine &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ning" title="Ning"&gt;Ning&lt;/a&gt;, and viral loops power many &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0"&gt;Web 2.0&lt;/a&gt; icons, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter"&gt;Twitter&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut"&gt;Orkut&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal"&gt;PayPal&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube"&gt;YouTube&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook"&gt;Facebook&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace"&gt;MySpace&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digg" title="Digg"&gt;Digg&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr"&gt;Flickr&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="References" id="References"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"&gt; &lt;ol class="references"&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/2005-06-22-viral-usat_x.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/2005-06-22-viral-usat_x.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;"USAToday: Viral advertising spreads through marketing plans"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/2005-06-22-viral-usat_x.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/2005-06-22-viral-usat_x.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/2005-06-22-viral-usat_x.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=USAToday%3A+Viral+advertising+spreads+through+marketing+plans&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Fadvertising%2F2005-06-22-viral-usat_x.htm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; June 23, 2005, 2005&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-1" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/commentary/imomus/2007/05/imomus_0508" class="external text" title="http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/commentary/imomus/2007/05/imomus_0508" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Wired: Commentary: Sock Puppets Keep It Shill on YouTube"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/commentary/imomus/2007/05/imomus_0508" class="external free" title="http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/commentary/imomus/2007/05/imomus_0508" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/commentary/imomus/2007/05/imomus_0508&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Wired%3A+Commentary%3A+Sock+Puppets+Keep+It+Shill+on+YouTube&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fculture%2Fculturereviews%2Fcommentary%2Fimomus%2F2007%2F05%2Fimomus_0508&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; May 8, 2007&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-2" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/06/virus.html" class="external text" title="http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/06/virus.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;"The Virus of Marketing"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/06/virus.html" class="external free" title="http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/06/virus.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/06/virus.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Virus+of+Marketing&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2Fmagazine%2F06%2Fvirus.html&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-3" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="" id="CITEREFMontgomery"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_L._Montgomery&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan L. Montgomery (page does not exist)"&gt;Montgomery, Alan&lt;/a&gt; (Mar-April 2001). "&lt;a href="http://pubsonline.informs.org/feature/pdfs/0092.2102.01.3102.90.pdf" class="external text" title="http://pubsonline.informs.org/feature/pdfs/0092.2102.01.3102.90.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Applying Quantitative Marketing Techniques to the Internet&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF). &lt;i&gt;Interfaces&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;31&lt;/b&gt; (2): 90–108. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1287%2Finte.31.2.90.10630" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1287%2Finte.31.2.90.10630" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1287/inte.31.2.90.10630&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://pubsonline.informs.org/feature/pdfs/0092.2102.01.3102.90.pdf" class="external free" title="http://pubsonline.informs.org/feature/pdfs/0092.2102.01.3102.90.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://pubsonline.informs.org/feature/pdfs/0092.2102.01.3102.90.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2007-07-10&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Applying+Quantitative+Marketing+Techniques+to+the+Internet&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Interfaces&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Montgomery&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;amp;rft.au=Montgomery%2C+Alan&amp;amp;rft.date=Mar-April+2001&amp;amp;rft.volume=31&amp;amp;rft.issue=2&amp;amp;rft.pages=90%E2%80%93108&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1287%2Finte.31.2.90.10630&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubsonline.informs.org%2Ffeature%2Fpdfs%2F0092.2102.01.3102.90.pdf&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-4" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_12/b3724628.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_12/b3724628.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Viral Marketing Alert!"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_12/b3724628.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_12/b3724628.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/01_12/b3724628.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Viral+Marketing+Alert%21&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F01_12%2Fb3724628.htm&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-5"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-5" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/03/66960" class="external text" title="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/03/66960" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Marketers Feverish Over Viral Ads"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/03/66960" class="external free" title="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/03/66960" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/03/66960&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Marketers+Feverish+Over+Viral+Ads&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Ftechbiz%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2F2005%2F03%2F66960&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-6" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.slate.com/id/1006264/" class="external text" title="http://www.slate.com/id/1006264/" rel="nofollow"&gt;"TiVo's Stealth Giveaway"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.slate.com/id/1006264/" class="external free" title="http://www.slate.com/id/1006264/" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.slate.com/id/1006264/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=TiVo%27s+Stealth+Giveaway&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F1006264%2F&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-7"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-7" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/startups/magazine/16-05/st_alpha" class="external text" title="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/startups/magazine/16-05/st_alpha" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Grad Students Redefine Easy Money With $1-a-Letter Web Site"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/startups/magazine/16-05/st_alpha" class="external free" title="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/startups/magazine/16-05/st_alpha" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.wired.com/techbiz/startups/magazine/16-05/st_alpha&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Grad+Students+Redefine+Easy+Money+With+%241-a-Letter+Web+Site&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Ftechbiz%2Fstartups%2Fmagazine%2F16-05%2Fst_alpha&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-save_us-8"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-save_us_8-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/saveusvids/" class="external text" title="http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/saveusvids/" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Breaking the Code"&lt;/a&gt;. WWE. November 19, 2007&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/saveusvids/" class="external free" title="http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/saveusvids/" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/saveusvids/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Code&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.date=November+19%2C+2007&amp;amp;rft.pub=WWE&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwe.com%2Fshows%2Fraw%2Farticles%2F5304642%2Fsaveusvids%2F&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-9"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-9" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web" id="CITEREFClayton2007"&gt;Clayton, Corey (November 19, 2007). &lt;a href="http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/jerichoreturns" class="external text" title="http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/jerichoreturns" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Orton burned by the second coming of Chris Jericho"&lt;/a&gt;. WWE&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/jerichoreturns" class="external free" title="http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/jerichoreturns" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/articles/5304642/jerichoreturns&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Orton+burned+by+the+second+coming+of+Chris+Jericho&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Clayton&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Corey&amp;amp;rft.au=Clayton%2C+Corey&amp;amp;rft.date=November+19%2C+2007&amp;amp;rft.pub=WWE&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwe.com%2Fshows%2Fraw%2Farticles%2F5304642%2Fjerichoreturns&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-10"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-10" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2RWe-YGl_0" class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2RWe-YGl_0" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Chris Jericho - Save Us Secret Site"&lt;/a&gt;. OnlineOnslaught.com&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2RWe-YGl_0" class="external free" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2RWe-YGl_0" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2RWe-YGl_0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2007-11-21&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Chris+Jericho+-+Save+Us+Secret+Site&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.pub=OnlineOnslaught.com&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZ2RWe-YGl_0&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-11" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="web"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1jm0GFHuG8" class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1jm0GFHuG8" rel="nofollow"&gt;"NEW INFO! Chris Jericho - Savior Self Secret Site"&lt;/a&gt;. OnlineOnslaught.com&lt;span class="printonly"&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1jm0GFHuG8" class="external free" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1jm0GFHuG8" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1jm0GFHuG8&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2007-11-21&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;amp;rft.btitle=NEW+INFO%21+Chris+Jericho+-+Savior+Self+Secret+Site&amp;amp;rft.atitle=&amp;amp;rft.pub=OnlineOnslaught.com&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DF1jm0GFHuG8&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-12"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-12" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/business/media/09adnewsletter1.html" class="external text" title="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/10/business/media/09adnewsletter1.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;New York Times newsletter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-13"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-13" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.sporting.pt/Servicos/Gamebox/Gameboxvideo.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.sporting.pt/Servicos/Gamebox/Gameboxvideo.asp" rel="nofollow"&gt;Sporting Clube de Portugal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-fc001-14"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_marketing#cite_ref-fc001_14-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" class="news" id="CITEREFPenenberg2008"&gt;Penenberg, Adam (May 2008). "Ning's Infinite Ambition" (Magazine). &lt;i&gt;Fast Company&lt;/i&gt; (Mansueto Ventures LLC): pp. 76-84.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Ning%27s+Infinite+Ambition&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Penenberg&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;amp;rft.au=Penenberg%2C+Adam&amp;amp;rft.date=May+2008&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B76-84&amp;amp;rft.pub=Mansueto+Ventures+LLC&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Viral_marketing"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Bibliography" id="Bibliography"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Bibliography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Seth Godin: Unleashing the ideavirus, 2001&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Emanuel Rosen: The Anatomy of Buzz, 2002&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Susannah Gardner: Buzz Marketing with Blogs For Dummies, 2005&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Mark Hughes: Buzzmarketing: Get People to Talk About Your Stuff, 2005&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Ron McDaniel: Buzzoodle Buzz Marketing, 2006&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Stefano Calicchio: Pass the Virus! How to exploit the viral marketing to give an uproarious success to your own ideas, 2006&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Jack Barrow: Satanic Viruses - The fall of the Roman Empire and how to bring it about, 2008, 3rd ed. (first published 1989)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="See_also" id="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video"&gt;Viral video&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_marketing" title="Guerrilla marketing"&gt;Guerrilla marketing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2330675074491516287-5387672324576858754?l=izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/feeds/5387672324576858754/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/2009/02/viral-marketing.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2330675074491516287/posts/default/5387672324576858754'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2330675074491516287/posts/default/5387672324576858754'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://izzudinelqossam.blogspot.com/2009/02/viral-marketing.html' title='viral marketing'/><author><name>MUAZ</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00104089335993127550</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='18' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xaFb7Ht5k60/SaD2l4UTZhI/AAAAAAAAABY/cdizsj1vU_4/S220/FotoBlog.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
